International Journals of Multidisciplinary
Research Academy (IJMRA)

Abstract:
A knot diagram is a picture of a projection of a knot onto a plane. Usually, only double points are allowed (no more than two points are allowed to be superposed), and the double or crossing points must be “genuine crossings” which transverse in the plane. The aim of this paper is to investigate some graphical properties of alternating knots(links) with the help of generalized form of Reidemeister moves and flype moves. It has been shown the equivalency of the associate graphs diagrammatically.
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Abstract:
Philosophy of Mathematics deals with foundation of mathematics. Russell’s Logicist Program and Hilbert’s Formalist Program are two attempts Philosophy of Mathematics deals with foundation of mathematics, though practicing mathematicians seldom bother about the nature of mathematical objects or about ground for mathematical truths. However, it’s important to know what makes mathematical truths necessary? To understand that we need to go through the foundational issues pertaining mathematics. Russell’s Logicist Program and Hilbert’s Formalist Program are two attempts to secure the foundation of mathematics. For about 80 years including these projects, foundational programs for mathematics seemed to have lost its significance in the face of Gödel’s Incompleteness Thesis, considered as a paradigm in mathematics. However, a recent development in the principles of mathematics witnessed some fundamental flaw in Gödel’s Thesis, and not only has given oxygen to foundational research in mathematics, also seems to have revolutionized the nature of analysis in mathematics.
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Abstract:
The history of human civilization shows that mankind prefers to settle on the places where water and plants are both plenty. Originally human settled near river basins to meet the two basic needs: food and water. Biodiversity has enabled farming systems to evolve ever since agriculture was first developed some 10,000 years ago in regions across the world. Worldwide there is now a huge diversity of agricultural systems ranging, for example, from rice paddies of Asia, to dry land pastoral systems of Africa, and hill farms in the mountains of South America. However, the Earth’s biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate, putting in jeopardy the sustainability of ecosystem services and agriculture, and their ability to adapt to changing conditions. The conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is essential for the future of agriculture and humanity. This paper presents how fuzzy goal programming (FGP) method can be efficiently used for modeling and solving agricultural planning problems for achieving the aspiration levels of production of five seasonal crops cultivated in a planning period by allocating the arable land properly and utilizing the available productive resources efficiently in three different seasons such as the crop-cycles Pre-kharif, Kharif and Rabi successively throughout the planning year. The land-use planning problem for production of the five principal crops such as Paddy, Wheat, Mustard, Potato, Pulses of the District Bardhaman of West Bengal (W.B.) in India is considered to illustrate the proposed FGP model. Considering both the national and international scenario of agriculture, very scanty information is available regarding the application of Fuzzy Goal Programming approach to optimize the agricultural production inputs such as fertilizer to lower production cost and avoid environmental pollution. Thus the present study has planned to propose a fruitful solution of the problem for both short-and long-term farm profitability.
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Abstract:
The accumulation of archaeal tRNA genes was gradually becoming more important in the field of bioinformatics for its essential role in evaluating the origin and evolution of tRNA molecule. Hidden pattern of tRNA structure abound in genome sequence. As these investigations progressed I observed that several existing powerful tools do not indentified the hidden pattern. In this paper, I investigated in Methanosarcina Mazei strain Go1 of archaea genome and report that a rare and so far unidentified tRNAs and tRNAs structure are identified in split nature using my algorithm. We argued from bioinformatics evidence that two halves of clover leaf 1-37 and 38-72, from 5 / and 3/ ends respectively allow upto one-non-watson –crick base pairing and the possibility of a single putative intron with the BHB structure at the exon-intron boundary
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Abstract:
The universal code maps positive integers which represents the source messages into codewords of different lengths. Elements of a codeword are a set of digits that are constructed according to specified rule. There are various universal codes such as Elias codes, the Fibonacci universal code, Levenshtein coding and non-universal codes including unary coding, Rice coding, Huffman coding and Golomb coding. In this paper we present universal coding scheme based on second order variant Narayana sequence. We have introduced Narayana code straight line in two-dimensional space. Each integral point (a, n) on Narayana code straight line presents second order variant Narayana universal code word. We describe the uses of this code in cryptography with an illustrative example
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Abstract:
In the present work, we introduced a generalized contraction result on proba-bilistic 2-metric spaces. Some control functions are also used here. We get a unique fixed point, that is, Tx=x for such contraction. Fixed point has an important role in modern analysis. One corollary is also given here. An illustrative example is given to validate our results. Some recent references are also listed here which help us to establish this manuscript.
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Abstract:
Financial systems have become popular inter-disciplinary research topic due to the applicability of various physical laws and dynamical system techniques in their analysis. Limited forecastability and complex dynamical properties of finance systems motivate researchers to use nonlinear dynamical equations to model and analyse such systems. In this paper, a modified mathematical model for finance system has been proposed and studied. The model describes the evolution of the interest rate, the investment demand and the price index in terms of three coupled ordinary differential equations. The equilibrium solutions of the model are determined and their linear stability nature is discussed. Existence of Hopf bifurcation is shown analytically. The time evolution as well as phase diagram of the system are plotted numerically. The bifurcation diagram of the model with respect to relation coefficient (𝜇) is depicted numerically. It is observed from the bifurcation diagram that the dynamics of the system changes qualitatively with the variation of the relation coefficient (𝜇). Our analysis shows the presence of steady state, limit cycle, period-2, period-4 and chaotic dynamics in the model with the variation of 𝜇. Therefore the relation coefficient becomes a significant parameter of the proposed model.
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Abstract:
Chemical wastes are liquid, semi-solid and solid wastes which are hazardous in nature or constitute a risk of pollution to the environment. Indiscriminate disposal of chemical waste has very serious health, safety and environmental consequences. Undoubtedly, over the last one hundred years, humans have introduced a significant number of chemicals into the environment. While some chemicals are designed to get rid of weeds and pests, a significant amount of chemicals are wastes from industrial and agricultural processes. Wastes discharged from agricultural processes and factories are polluting our rivers and other water bodies. The major victims of water pollution are amphibians and dolphins. A lot of amphibians that hunt insects in our farmlands are dying off. Just because of this, several species of fish and aquatic plants are endangered today. A lot of important plants are dying off due to toxic chemicals in the water. This harms the animals dependent on these plants. Fishes lose their breeding grounds and harm the overall ecosystem. This toxic water is also added on our farmlands by irrigation and because of this, the toxic chemicals are making their way into our food and cause diseases
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Abstract:
From laboratory to simple as well as complex biological systems, it is water that plays the most important role as reaction medium. Even many organic reactions in laboratory, popularly done in organic solvents so far, are now being run in aqueous medium, giving rise to a new branch of Chemistry known as Green Chemistry. This has been possible due to a very ‘flexible’ nature of water,actually the manifestation of some physico-chemical properties at the molecular level. One such property is the molecular polarizability. The molecular polarizability depends on the molecular size of a single water molecule. The aim of present work is to focus on the amphoteric nature of water molecule in terms of polarizability, a size dependent physico-chemical property of water molecule in predominantly ionic and predominantly covalent form.
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Abstract:
The basic principles of atomic force microscope are discussed. The mode of imaging and the mode of operation are described and compared with each other. Finally, a detail analysis on the application of atomic force microscope in the field of nanoscience, biological molecules and surfactants are discussed and the relevant experimental work is summarized
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Abstract:
The flocculation of iron oxide can be achieved using Shellac in suitable concentration ranges. Alkaline Shellac solution was used in ppm concentration as the flocculating agent. Experiments were carried out on tap water containing dispersed iron ore (5%) that simulates typical industrial waste water scenario by varying the operating parameters, such as shellac dosage, pH in order to study their effect in flocculation process by using shellac. The optimum results were achieved for this study was at 15 ppm concentration of 0.1% (W/V) shellac in 0.5 M NaOH solution
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Abstract:
Organometal-halide perovskite solar cells have recently received significant attention due to their excellent photovoltaic performance and low cost. Photovoltaic Conversion efficiency have also increased day by day and maximum reported efficiency is 20%. In this paper, different features of perovskite solar cell have been discussed including absorption coefficient and band gap engineering. Dynamic electrical model have also been discussed for the hysteresis effects in J-V characteristics of perovskite solar cells. Some critical issues have also addressed about the stability of the perovskite solar cells.
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Abstract:
Concentrations of different metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb) were measured in sediment, water, and gill tissue of three Indian Major Carps (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus cirrhosus) collected from ponds at two different sites (Nalban Bheri and Diamond Harbour). Gill tissues were analyzed for the levels of different antioxidant defense systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Concentration of all metals were significantly higher (P<0.05) in sediment, water and gill tissue from Nalban Bheri compared to that in Diamond Harbour. Activities of all enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant parameters were significantly higher (P<0.05), while Na+ K +ATPase level reduced significantly (P<0.05) in gill tissue from Nalban Bheri compared to those in Diamond Harbour. Significant multicollinearity was found in the values of SOD, CAT, GST, GRd, GPx and MDA with Pb, Cu and Ni in all three fish species at Nalban and with Cd in L. rohita and C. catla. Principal component analysis results revealed that stress response in polluted site was directly regulated by combination of GSH profile and the levels of MDA in a synchronized manner. The study indicated species-specific difference for metal induced oxidative stress response in fish gill and a correlation between different metals and individual oxidative stress markers
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Abstract:
Evidences from psychological and neurological studies have depicted similarity between substance use disorders such as alcoholism and excessive internet use, as both are characterized as a behavioural addiction. Moreover, neuro-imaging has helped to determine some alterations, including decreased gray matter volume and density in the anterior cingulate cortex as well as exaggerated reactivity of the striatum. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the underlying brain dysfunctions. A few studies have demonstrated some associations with molecular genetic markers. Dopamine and serotonin have been implicated as in many other addictions. In addition, a genetic variation on the CHRNA4 gene (a constituent of the cholinergic pathways of the brain), which has been associated with trait anxiety and smoking, is also found to be relevant to Internet addiction. The neuronal circuit for sadness is known to be down regulated by the hormone oxytocin and sadness has been linked with the overall general and problematic internet use and its manifestations such as mood regulation. Low empathy, with possible links to oxytocin, has also been found to be associated with higher Internet addiction. The present overview aims to demonstrate and understand individual differences in Internet addiction and focus on potential genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of Internet addiction.
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Abstract:
Ornamental fishes are attractive and colorful species of fishes with peaceful nature (Jayasankar, 1998; Mukherjee et. al. , 2000; Singh and Ahmed, 2005) and they are most popular pets in present day world (Singh, 2005). Keeping ornamental fishes and its propagation has been an interesting activity for many, which provide not only aesthetic leisure but also financial openings. Among the indigenous and exotic fresh water species, the varieties having good demand can be breed and reared for commercial purposes. Good knowledge on the biology, feeding behavior and ambient condition of the fish are prerequisites for breeding. So, in this study we have focused on the food preference of four popular ornamental fishes – Black Molly (Poecilia sphenops), Goldfish (Carasius sp.), Gourami (Trichogaster sp.) and Guppy ( Poecilia reticulata.). Some vegetables like Carrot, Lettuce, Cabbage, Pea, Potato and fruits like Apple, Orange, Grape, Banana and an animal food source i.e.Tubifex sp. were given to observe which is more preferable for these four fishes.Goldfish showed generalized food preference for the food items (Food in fused with lettuce, peaextract, potato, grape, apple, orange, banana, mixed food with the above ingredients, Tubifex sp) Gaurami seems to be highly selective species. Tubifex sp, peas, potatos and grapes showed better performance than the rest and can be considered as an alternate natural food source.
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Abstract:
Ecological survey of inhabited shore crabs was carried out at exposed sandy beaches of Bakkhali island (21o33'48''N and 88o15'34''E), located at southern proximity of West Bengal falling within Sundarban mangrove ecosystem. The main objectives were to analyse the across-shore distribution pattern of interspecific crabs by means of burrow counts and diameter of their openings and to identify their preferable zones and spatial segregation. To achieve the aims, quantitative transect and quadrat sampling was done to access the habitat distribution, their abundance and the relative density. The present survey reported the considerable interspecific variability in across-shore distribution pattern showing dominance of three brachyuran crabs of family Ocypodidae and Dotillidae. Niche segregation among the species had also been reported with two species more widely distributed, while one had restricted distribution. The Red ghost crab, Ocypode macrocera and Horned Ghost crab, Ocypode cerathophthalmus are typical predators, scavengers and deposit feeders, leaving huge amount of characteristic pellets on sandflats. Juveniles dig simple and shallower burrows towards seaward, while adults create deeper and complex burrows towards landward with great variability. Data revealed that O. macrocera were relatively abundant with greater population density (0.8 individuals/ m2 ) preferring inhabiting almost dry supratidal, while O. cerathophthalmus only occurred at 0.3 individuals/ m2 . Distribution pattern of O. macrocera also varied greatly with maturity showing predominance of small burrows (1.5-2.5 cm) in diameter along transect T1and T2, inhabited by juvenile ones and by adult group (3.5-6.0 cm) within supratidal. The tiny spherical Soldier crab, Dotilla blanfordi, measuring upto 1 cm body width were important members of intertidal community occuring abundantly in moist sand of lower intertidal, with juvenile dominating towards waterline. The burrowing behaviour of shore crabs has been considered as one of the major bioturbations affecting the physical and chemical characteristics of the substratum, thereby promoting sediment turnover and biogeochemical cycling. They are excellent regenerators and transfer sediment from various depths to surface through frequent digging behaviour, thereby playing an important role in biomixing.
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Abstract:
The promastigotes of Leishmania donovani which were exposed above 20krad gamma radiation (Gammacell 220, Co60 source at 230C) looked like amastigotes by shedding their flagella and became round in shape. With the increasing doses of radiation, the number of amastigote like structures increased. At higher doses, abnormalities included shrinkage, rounding, loss of flagellum, aggregation, vacuolation, progressive loss of motility and these changes occurred producing an almost endless variety of morphological forms. From the electron micrograph it was revealed that the most effected organelles after irradiation were mitochondria, kinetoplast and flagellum. Irradiated cells have different levels of injury; ones with less damage recover quickly and have opportunity to modify antigenic profile while those with more damage repaired later. This result was also supported by the alteration in microtubular structure of plasma membrane. Nucleus showed a larger relative volume in 30 krad irradiated promastigotes. The relative volume of the kinetoplast does not appear to differ so much. It was evident that flagellar pocket was much dilated in case of promastigote irradiated at 20 and 30 krad radiation doses. Although this damage did not always contribute to cell death but the damages were irrepairable. These findings will be crucial for the outcome of modified infection and probable vaccine development.
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Abstract:
It has been reported previously that tea root extract and its triterpenoid saponins possess potent antitumour activities and significantly reduced solid tumour in mice. TRE also induced apoptosis in human leukemic cell lines K562, U937 and HL60 cell lines. In the present study we have investigated several other related pharmacological properties to ensure the safe use of TRE as a therapeutic agent in future. The results of the present investigations had depicted that TRE is non-hepatotoxic as it has not altered the SGPT and SGOT level significantly in CCL4 treated mice and rat.TRE had shown mild and insignificant effect on the inhibition of neuromuscular activities as revealed in the experiment with rat diaphragm. Macrophage activation by TRE can be considered as an important factor related to its anti-cancer activity. And also depict that the extract does not cause immune-suppression. The enhancement in the number of peritoneal cells by tea root extract indicates that TRE administration does not cause death of normal cells.Overall it can be concluded that tea root extract possess promising therapeutic potential due to its insignificant toxicity.
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