International Journals of Multidisciplinary Research
Academy (IJMRA)

Abstract:
Water, land, and soil are limited natural resources and their extensive usage with increased populace is a major concern. To subdue the increasing demand of land and water resources, it is of prime important to conserve the natural resources for sustainable development. Morphometric analysis contributes a quantifiable description of drainage system which is a significant aspect of watershed delineation. This analysis was carried by using QGIS 2.14.1 (v) software on Survey of India topographic sheet of 1:50,000 scale was used for analysis. Drainage map and the Morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspect of the watershed have been determined based on the formula suggested by Horton, Strahler. The analysis of linear aspects of drainage basin shows that the basin has a dendritic pattern with fifth order stream. Ratio of Bifurcation of basin was found to be (5.0 to 2.4) which falls under the range (2.0 and 5.0) in which the geologic structures do not alter the drainage pattern. Density of drainage, texture of drainage, ratio of elongation and ratio of relief value of Lakhnapur watershed was 2.46 Km/Km2 and 7.72 confirms that the study area is underlain by impermeable subsurface material of Precambrian crystalline rocks having inadequate vegetation and high relief and steep slopes with very fine texture cause prone area of soil erosion risk in the area.
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Abstract:
This investigation was done to survey the fluoride focus in groundwater of Narayankher region, Medak District, where groundwater is the principle wellspring of drinking water. Water tests gathered from bore wells were investigated for pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Nitrate (NO3 - ) and Fluoride (F-) content. Fluoride grouping of groundwater ranges from 0.4to 2.3 mg/l. Out of44 towns contemplated 41 towns have fluoride fixation beneath 1 mg/l and 3 towns have fluoride focus over 1mg/l. 7 % towns have fluoride over 2 mg/l and 1% towns have fluoride over 2.2 mg/l. According to the alluring and most extreme allowable point of confinement for fluoride in drinking water (1.5 mg/l) endorsed by WHO (2004) and Bureau of Indian Standards (2009), in tree towns groundwater sources in the examination zone is unfit for drinking purposes. Because of the higher fluoride levels in drinking water a few instances of dental and skeletal fluorosis have showed up at disturbing rate in the explored zone. The wells in the examined territory have been delineated into protected and risky wells for utilization of water concerning fluoride and nitrate
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Abstract:
Groundwater investigations in Pendyala village, Rangareddy district, Telangana State, South India has been carried out. Twelve (12) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was conducted within the study area, using the Schlumberger Array Configuration. Data acquired were processed and interpreted using IPI2WIN software. Three geoelectric layers were obtained showing a sequence of top soil, weathered soil, fractured granite and massive granite. The K-curve type predominates with a water table depth of 40meters. Contour maps of Iso-resistivity and Aquifer depth were constructed. Variations of these data show a possibility of groundwater occurrence at potential points. Two sites were recommended for drilling. Drilling with Down-The-Hole Hammer (DTH) was carried out at the recommended sites down to 120 to 150m depths. The recommended VES results matched well with the test soundings carried at the drilled bore well resistiviites. The yields of bore wells vary from 2000 to 6000 liters per hour (lph). The yield is expected to be low in areas with no incidence of fractures. The use of Electrical Resistivity method has proved useful in evaluating the groundwater potentials within and around the study area.
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Abstract:
Estimation of finite population total using birth-and-death process in the presence of a sample frame is considered. The model based on birth-and-death process model is proposed. Like the existing estimators, this estimation technique deals with initial condition and is based on yearly population totals in order to fit in a model within a given period of time. The model is capable of showing three processes, namely, exponential growth, exponential decay and constant growth. The proposed birth-and-death process model technique has shown to be efficient especially with large data. The empirical study indicated that model is efficient and can estimate properly even in the presence of outliers
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Abstract:
snow cover area and temperatures measured in Sutlej basin are used for snow melt runoff. In the study surface temperature is estimated using Poissons split window algorithm. The Land Surface Temperature (LST) obtained using National Oceanic Atmospheric Administrator (NOAA/AVHRR) thermal band data is compared with field measured air temperatures. Deviation between the LST obtained from (NOAA/AVHRR) data and field air temperature is generally within +/- 6o. The deviation between the LST obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS/AQUA) data and field air temperature is within +/- 7o. The deviation between LST derived from NOAA/AVHRR data and that of MODIS data is within +/- 5o. Correlation analysis has been made and using the regression equation, the LST has been computed at Jubbal station. A high correlation between field air temperature and LST from NOAA data (R2=0.813) and LST from MODIS data (R2=0.783) was verified. Comparison of actual air temperature with computed air temperature shows that the deviation is within +/- 5o. In view of the reasons for possible deviation as explained in earlier section, the results are acceptable and can be employed
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Abstract:
The study aims at analyzing the 'cause-and-effect' relation between urban (spatial) form and demographic and socio-economic variations in Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), Telangana State. Proper understanding of the form is essential to comprehend variations at micro-level over time and vice-versa. In fact, establishing, 'intra and inter' relations on a spatio-temporal scale would help get the true perspective of urban planning. Multi-temporal datasets generated from Remote Sensing data of two periods i.e., 2001 and 2015 pertaining to 150 municipal wards of GHMC have been analyzed to discern change in form throughmulti correlation analysis in GIS environment. Various indicators like demography (population, density and literacy), economy (per-capita, work participation, gross ward domestic product [GWDP] etc.) and physical (sprawl, entropy, compactness etc.) dimensions were also analyzed and mapped. The results show majority (80) wards in the old city have very high density (>20,000 per./km2 ) population led by Feteh Darwaza (1,34,217 per./km2 ), Musheerabad (70,573 per./km2 ) etc. with low GWDP of Rs. 2 - 2.75 billion. With high dense built-up area, these wards show high compact mono-centric form. Whereas, wards in fringe areas like, Gachibowli, Rajendra Nagar, Hayath Nagar, Serilingampally, Jubilee Hills, etc. (20 wards) show low density, (<5000 per./km2 ) but with relatively high GWDP (Rs. 5.27, 5.55, 6.63, 9.07, 4.97 billion, respectively) with moderate to sparse poly-centric form. When compared with global averages Hyderabad has a form with increased complexity, low centrality, compactness, porosity and very high density form similar to developed countries. The results show that Hyderabad has a heterogeneous form due to unequal demographic and socio‐economic structural conditions.
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Abstract:
The demand for the protection of natural structures, groynes, resources and landscapes is raising high and it is vital as it is affecting the growth of mankind. The causes of this perturbation come from innumerable aspects of occurrences. The vital factors are dynamics of nature and the developments by mankind. One of the area in which the man is facing difficulty to discern is about littoral zones and its dynamical behavior in course of time. This is a nature dominant phenomenon including human involvement sometimes. One of the difficulties to discern the dynamic behavior of littoral zones is innumerable variables, the system comprising of. The proposed methodology suggesting to keep the variables or constraints which are having less effect as constant and to consider the variables, which has dominant effect on the dynamics of littoral zones [1]. The hypothesis is to build a groyne inshore so that the changes can be predicted prior so that the plan of action can be executed against the change. The dynamic structures are movable in space and are sized, shaped and designed according to our convenience, importantly by considering the changes in littoral zones is hypothesized to minimize the scouring effect. The method of fundamental numerical modeling is opted to support the hypothesized results.
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Abstract:
Development of smart cities in India is primary reason for increase in quantity of impervious surfaces-(surfaces which doesn‟t let the water to penetrate through them). These impervious surfaces include asphalt streets and highways, concrete footpaths and pavements, parking lots, and highly compressed soil surfaces. Because of these impervious surfaces the runoff produced by these surfaces cause some serious problem to the low lying areas by flooding them. Growth in population leads to the demand for water, as the surfaces water bodies are not sufficient enough to meet the need of people they go after the alternative of ground water, this result in decline in ground water levels. Permeable concrete-(the concrete structure with voids in them which allow the water to penetrate through them) is a modern and environmental friendly material which can be used in construction of pavements, footpaths, and parking lots, where the traffic loads are low. The usage of these permeable concrete structures will reduce the amount of runoff and improve ground water recharge conditions. During the work the amount of area which has been impervious in our area of study was calculated, advantages and disavatages of using permeable concrete structures in place of impervious materials are discussed
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Abstract:
In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the agricultural land use pattern at micro-level in Vizianagaram district. This study is based on secondary data collected from secondary records. Physiography, temperature, rainfall, soil and drainage influence on crop combinations in this district. An endeavor is made here to study crop combination regions in Vizianagaram district for year 2009- 2010. The crop data has been computed with the help of Weaver’s and Doi technique of crop combination. There are different methods applied in the delineation of crop combination regions. The first method for the demarcation of crop combination regions is arbitrary choice method, e.g., the first crop only, the first two crops only, the first three crops etc. This method being based on statistical approach is more accurate, reliable and scientific as it gives better objective grouping of crops of a region. The statistical techniques about crop combination have been modified suitably by the geographers from time to time. It is observed that paddy ranking first in 26 mandals is the leading crop in Vizianagaram district. Such type of study represents real situation of crop combination pattern in Vizianagaram district and helps to planners, agricultural scientists and research scholars
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Abstract:
SDevelopment of Indian villages is critically dependent on the availability of water and it’s judicious use, especially in the context of fast altering climatic trends and land degradation. This paper concentrates on selecting suitable sites for the implementation of natural resource management activities and aims to choose tentative sites for the planning of water conservation activities like Check Dams. The approach is done by considering the rules and regulations of an Indian labour act called Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) designed at improving the rural inadequate and to make resilient resources of mission water conservation. Here, multi thematic geo spatial data sets of Narasapuram mandal of west Godavari district are considered. The inputs used are Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Road map, Drainage map, slope map and other topographical features. These layers are tested using allowable thresholds for understanding sensitivity of decisions
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Abstract:
Urban developments for the growing population have consequential impacts on the land and water resources. The modern growth of urbanization has led to the exploitation of the water resources for the human needs which disturbed the ecological balance and degradation of the environmental quality. The precipitation, potable water and Stormwater generated from the runoff constitute the urban water. Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a multidisciplinary approach in management of the urban Stormwater with the integration of Best Planning Practices (BPPs) and management techniques. The sustainable Stormwater management practices include the green roof systems, porous pavements etc..,. The demand for the potable water will be reduced through the demand and supply side of the water management. The WSUD features include the vegetation as part of overall landscape aesthetic, then amenity improvement and overall function of a development. The WSUD benefits are Biodiversity enhancement, climate change adaptation, hydrologic management etc. The underlying aim of this need is to provide more economical and less environmentally damaging ways of providing urban water, waste water and Stormwater solutions. The Geospatial technologies like Remote Sensing and GIS would be helpful in the decision support system in implementation of BMPs and enhancement of greenery in urban environments.
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Abstract:
The state of Andhra Pradesh covers only 16% Forests area. This indicates the poor statistics of the forest growth in the state. Among Red Sandal Wood Plantation is finest plantation that covers souther part of Andhra Pradesh. It is richly is grown in the Seshachalm hills near Tirupati. The forest land is degrading day-by-day which will be affecting the flora and fauna of the forest area. The rapid degrading is due to smuggling which is reflecting in the economy of the Andhra Pradesh.
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Abstract:
Groundwater quality study in Northwest zone of Medchal district has more important for domestic, Industrial, Agricultural and Drinking water supply. In this scenario we have concentrated on the quality of groundwater and to find out the good water consumption areas. Water quality mostly comprises on the physical and chemical parameters are PH, COD, BOD, Turbidity, Conductivity and Temperature. We have collected samples in distinct areas. Most of the chemical parameters have accepted ranges but few of them not significant depend on the region. We have used three types of Cluster analysis and compare to each other, K-means Cluster analysis, and Neighbour Joining and Euclidean Cluster analysis. We have divided 4 clusters form each group and finally K-means Cluster analysis is less different to other two clusters. The results are Suraram industrial water sample not suitable for domestic water, Dulapally areas have good water quality zone. We suggested that meteorological factors might modify some characteristics of wastewater but a clear connection cannot be established recycling on one event only
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Abstract:
This paper presents a Technique for extraction of Vegetation utilizing standardized distinction of Vegetation file (NDVI) utilizing MATLAB, which is effective and quick. NDVI has discovered a wide application in vegetative investigations as it has been utilized to gauge edit yields, field execution, and rangeland conveying limits among others. It is frequently straightforwardly identified with other ground parameters, for example, percent of ground cover, photosynthetic action of the plant, surface water, leaf region record and the measure of biomass. This paper likewise incorporates change recognition vegetation for various Years
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Abstract:
The runoff characteristic of a particular catchment area is mainly depends on rainfall characteristics, catchment characteristics and climatic factors etc. The main influence factor among these three is catchment characteristics like soil, land use/cover, slope, geology, shape and drainage. The geology of the basin is significant to the amount of deep percolation losses. The study of catchment characteristics is mainly stimulating the runoff for a basin. The land use/cover plays an important role in creating infiltration and evapotranspiration opportunities and retarding of runoff. Soil Conservation Services and Curve Number (SCS-CN) method broadly suggested the runoff volume calculation. Arc-GIS tool is used to develop boundary, drainage, digital elevation, flow direction, flow accumulation and land use/cover map etc. of the selected basin. For producing runoff, land use/cover and soil maps are used as input for the conceptual SCS-CN method. Guntur District, is one of the basin and it is located in Andhra Pradesh is taken into consideration for the present study. Arc-GIS tool is used to develop selected basin maps. Attribute table is developed from the Arc-GIS by overlapping of land use/cover and soil maps and it is used as an input in the SCS-CN method for calculation of runoff volume for a given catchment area. By the application of Arc-GIS software, identified the exact location of the maximum accumulation point and the investigations are done about the storage structure at that location if available. If not proposal is made for a suitable hydraulic structure to manage the accumulated runoff volume
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Abstract:
Groundwater is the most imperative regular asset required for toasting many individuals around the globe, particularly in provincial territories. The asset can't be ideally utilized and managed unless the nature of groundwater is surveyed. The examination depicted here utilizations geographic data framework (GIS) innovation to delineate quality for drinking and development, using information produced from compound investigation of water tests gathered from the territory under examination. In this work, we will think about different geological highlights of Nandigammandal by gathering diverse sorts of information identified with ground water. This information is utilized to decipher a guide and digitize it with the assistance of ArcGIS 10.3 programming. Using GIS shaping strategies, spatial dissemination maps of pH, TDS, TH, Cl, HCO3, SO4, NO3, Ca, Mg, Na, and K, have been made. Frame this guide one can without much of a stretch survey the nature of water introduce at different spots of this region and furthermore it helps in taking choice of what are the changes that are to be made in the water use and its quality. The physical-blend comes to fruition were stood out from the standard administer regards as proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking and general prosperity in order to have a framework of the present groundwater quality
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Abstract:
This study focusing on experimental investigation of locally available granite industrial waste powder that is granite powder as fine aggregate and partial replacement of cement at constant rate. By this producing M30 concrete observe mechanical strength and durability properties of concrete. Influence water cement ratio and curing properties of concrete on mechanical properties of various mix proportions can be premeditated. The percentage of granite powder is added 0%, 12%, 14%, 16% replacement of fine aggregate. Cement can be replaced for cement at constant percentage at 7.5% weight of cement. For maintain workability super plasticizer is added at 1% by weight of cement. For improving the tensile strength of concrete adding polypropylene fibers to concrete at 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% by weight of cement. Durability test conducted on 60days and 90days concrete with 1N by using NAOH pellets, at constant pH of solution. Tests conducted on concrete are compressive strength, split tensile strength and alkalinity attack test. Our study is expected to give good results and future scope. This work gives us how effectively we can use the industrial by products and how to use recycled aggregates in modern concretes
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Abstract:
Landforms on the earth surface are costly to guide or screen. Remote Sensing perceptions from space stages give a concise perspective of territory on pictures. Satellite multispectral information have preference in that the picture information in different groups can be subjected to advanced improvement methods for featuring contrasts in objects for enhancing picture interpretability. Landforms are deciphered based on translation component keys to be specific, for example, tone, surface, measure, shape, shading and so forth and concentrate the particular data from the false shading composites LISS-III sensor pictures. Geomorphological units are ordered on the premise differential disintegration forms. The information completed in the time of 2011,In the investigation zone, basically Piedmont incline, Wave cut seat, Fluvial sand stores, Marine sand ridges, Valley fill shallow, Denudational slope, Structural slope, Pedi plain shallow, Pedi plain direct, Pedi plain direct are mapped utilizing IRS-ID LISS-III satellite symbolism utilizing visual elucidation system alongside field check. Remote Sensing and GIS offers to distinguish, dissecting and time financially savvy approach to satisfy these objectives
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Abstract:
Visakhapatnam and its surrounding areas are highly covered with red earths the top few meters thick is loose and disintegrated. Red soil beds in there location continuously eroding their top layers and some time collapsing of the slopes are also taking place in deep excavation. In this aspect complete understanding of these red soils is essiential. In this soil from various locations of visakapatnam has been studied with respect to physical and engineering characterization and explained the probable reasons for the development of soil erosion.
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Abstract:
Rapid industrialization needs the use of every part of the land for human kind. Red soil ground in Visakhapatnam region is of prominent due to rapid urbanization and industrial growth. Red soils in these areas are sandy nature with low amount of fines causes erosion and ground failure. A simple structures founded on these soils have subjected to distress to tilting and complete collapse of the structure. In this an attempt is made to propose some mitigation methods to prevent as are such failures by understanding the nature of the soil.
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Abstract:
There are many problems with power distribution, such as the proper location and availability of electrical assets (such as poles, transformers, transmission lines, etc.). With Advances using consumer index, we can find the exact location of the consumer and through which feeder consumers are being offered. GIS GPS and remote sensing technologies help manage and analyze it as a special key. During the XI plan, the Indian government is accelerating the electricity development reform plan (R-APDRP) through the reorganization to strengthen the power sector, amending the terms and conditions as a central sector plan. The focus of the plan should be on the actual provable performance in reducing ongoing losses. Establishing a reliable and automated system for continuous collection of accurate baseline data and the use of information technology in the field of energy accounting are essential for carrying out regular distribution and strengthening projects. In this article, user-related databases such as feeder numbers, transformer numbers, line numbers, pole counts, billing, and user locations have been placed in the attribute table of ArcGIS 9.1 software. Each consumer location is mapped using GPS and high-resolution satellite images.
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Abstract:
The study area consists of Rampachodavaram Revenue Division of Seven mandals namely Addateegala, Gangavaram, Y.Ramavaram, Rajavammangi, Devipatnam, Maredumilli and Rampachodavarmmandals of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh is covering an area of 4580.67 sq km. The study area is facing mortality for the last few decades, although PHCs, CHCs, AH and other medical support is increasing. Study identified, polluted water, consumption of stale/contaminated food, consumption of local made liquor, superstitious conditions, adultery, age old practices resulting in huge death rate. The study focused to improve the basic facilities such as road connectivity, ambulance service, more PHCs in the vicinity may reduce mortality rate in the area. In this study, SOI toposheets, IRS-P6 satellite data and ancillary data used to generate thematic information. Existing roads, major rivers and rivulets, problem villages or villages not connected by the road or far off from PHCs have been considered for GIS analysis.The Survey of India toposheets on 1:50,000 are geometrically rectified in Erdas Imagine 9.2. Rectified toposheets are mosaiced and Area of Interest (AOI) or study area has been delineated to generate thematic layers in ArcGIS-9.2. The thematic layers are generated following the standard visual interpretation techniques.
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Abstract:
Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (RS and GIS) technology play a major role in thematic map generation and integrated analysis for mapping, managing and monitoring the natural resources. RS and GIS technology have opened a new era in the field of applied geology. A remote sensing observation from space provides a synoptic view of terrain, thus provide ability in detecting lithology, land form and lineaments on the imagery. Remotely sensed satellite data have a benefit that is, the image data can be enhanced/manipulated for improving image interpretability with better accuracy. GIS has capability to visualize, enhance, manipulate, generate, store, integrate and analyse the thematic data. This study aims to map the geomorphological features in the Janjhavathi river basin based on visual image interpretation techniques. These maps would be useful for further analysis for natural resource planning, management and decision making.
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Abstract:
Geospatial technologies offer an efficient and timely approach for mapping because of their wide area coverage, giving information about inaccessible area and timely repetitive coverage of the same area. In this study, on- screen visual interpretation was made to classify the land use/land cover particularly for the Janjhavathi river basin which lies in between the latitudes of 180 45ꞌꞌ to 180 61ꞌꞌ 30ꞌ North and the longitudes of 830 to 830 29ꞌꞌ East. The identified land use / land cover features are agriculture, barren land, built-up area, dense forest, open forest, scrub forest, scrub land, gullied land, waste land, wet land and water bodies. Maximum area (37% of the total geographical area of the river watershed) is covered by open forest followed by gullied land and agricultural crop land (16%), deciduous forest (11 %), scrub forest (5%), agriculture fallow land (4%) and vegetation land (2%) while water bodies cover only 1 % of the Total Geographical Area (TGA). Further, an attempt has been made to analyze land use / land cover of Janjhavathi river basin keeping in mind the objective of developing the infrastructure with the available resources for the upliftment of the socio-economic conditions of the areas
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Abstract:
Remote Sensing and GIS techniques has become the most powerful scientific tools for the study of various Earth resources and related features, the application potential of Remote Sensing is so huge that the large areas of land can be studied for various applications within very short period.Temporal Changes in LU/LC have been studied based on LandSat Data, IRS data and GIS software.The advent of colored satellite imageries has revolutionized the Remote Sensing activity. GIS serves as an efficient system of complications, classification, storage, synthesis, analysis or retrieval of relevant information of spatial and non spatial origin. Mangroves are a group of trees and shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone, and cover the coastline in dense patches, Mangroves are some of the only coastal plants that can live in saltwater.Mangrove Forest succeeds near the mouths of large rivers due to river deltas provide lots of sediment (sand and mud) and Mangrove roots collect the sand and mud (sediments) and slow the water's flow, helping to protect the coastline and preventing erosion. Mangrove Forests also occurs along estuaries and deltas on tropical coasts. Temperate rainforests filled with evergreen and laurel trees are lower and less dense than other kinds of rainforests because the climate is more equable, with a moderate temperature range and well-distributed annual rainfall. A prominent section of Mangrove stretch is observed in Nagayalanka Mandal Nachugunta reserved forest, Sorlagondi reserved forest, and Yelichetladibba reserved forest
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Abstract:
Urbanization has been frequently used to mean the level of populace fixation in a urban area. Urban development is only urban population growth.Urbanisation can happen just when the rate of development of a urban populace is more noteworthy than the rate of development of the non-urban populace in the country.Currently,over half of the total populace lives in urban areas. Rapid urban populace development debilitating the urban districts. At the point when a urban zone developing or losing populace, organization confront challenges regarding lodging problem, drinking water problem, transport and infrastructural etc,facilities. Holding the above viewpoints under thought an attept is made in this paper tries to draw consideration on the expanding urban populace drifts in Visakhapatnam city. Further, it examineVishakhapatnam city urban populace development as per Zones and Wards .This examination additionally discovers high, medium and low grouping of urban populace of Visakhapatnam city
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Abstract:
Water is very vital source for all living beings, without water there is no life possible on the earth. But its mismanagement creates havoc problems such as catastrophic flood and drought. Scarcity of water created drought in many part of world and excess of water created flood. In this study an attempt was made to find out the reason behind the catastrophic flood of Tamilnadu that creates havoc problem in the month of October, November and December 2015. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) daily, monthly and annual rainfall data were used to study the average precipitation, its climatology and pattern. This study has been performed to determine the extent of severity in the flood affected districts of Tamil Nadu much as Chennai and other surroundng region. In this article we have also studied the impact of flood in terms of property dammage and life loss that happens in large scale
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